Abstract: Although debates about the shape and future of the built environment are usually cast in economic and political terms, they also have an irreducible ethical component that stands in need of careful examination. This paper is the report of an exploratory study in descriptive ethics carried out in Atlanta, Georgia. Archival sources and semi-structured interviews provide the basis for identifying and sorting the diverse value judgments and value conflicts that come into play in a rapidly growing metropolitan area. The goal of the project is to expand and refine a draft framework for grappling with the ethical complexity of the situations from which individuals and communities make important decisions about their surroundings. The success of the framework is to be measured by its usefulness in informing the judgment of professionals and citizens, and in facilitating a robust normative debate about the built environment.

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Abstract: http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1451010.1451011&coll=Portal&dl=GUIDE&CFID=62736899&CFTOKEN=62095232

 modular neural networks;  artificial intelligence;  

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Abstract: Niemann-Pick type C (NP-C) disease, a fatal neurovisceral disorder, is characterized by lysosomal accumulation of low density lipoprotein (LDL)-derived cholesterol. By positional cloning methods, a gene (NPC1) with insertion, deletion, and missense mutations has been identified in NP-C patients. Transfection of NP-C fibroblasts with wild-type NPC1 cDNA resulted in correction of their excessive lysosomal storage of LDL cholesterol, thereby defining the critical role of NPC1 in regulation of intracellular cholesterol trafficking. The 1278-amino acid NPC1 protein has sequence similarity to the morphogen receptor PATCHED and the putative sterol-sensing regions of SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase.

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Abstract: Abstract  GIMMS NDVI database and geo-statistics were used to depict the spatial distribution and temporal stability of NDVI on the

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Abstract: Abstract  Evolutionary improvements in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) now routinely allow the management and mapping of spatial-temporal

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 GIS;  Qualitative Analysis;  Feminist Theory;  

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 GIS;  Feminist Theory;  

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 GIS;  Qualitative Analysis;  Feminist Theory;  Quantitative Analysis;  

Abstract: Clear, up-to-date coverage of methods for analyzing geographical information in a GIS context Geographic Information Analysis presents clear and up-to-date coverage of the foundations of spatial analysis in a geographic information systems environment. Focusing on the universal aspects of spatial data and their analysis, this book covers the scientific assumptions and limitations of methods available in many geographic information systems. Throughout, the fundamental idea of a map as a realization of a spatial stochastic process is central to the discussion. Key spatial concepts are covered, including point pattern, line objects and networks, area objects, and continuous fields. Analytical techniques for each of these are addressed, as are methods for combining maps, exploring multivariate data, and performing computationally intensive analysis. Appendixes provide primers on basic statistics and linear algebra using matrices. Complete with chapter objectives, summaries, "thought exercises," a wealth of explanatory diagrams, and an annotated bibliography, Geographic Information Analysis is a practical book for students, as well as a valuable resource for researchers and professionals in the industry.

 GIS;  spatial analysis;  spatial autocorrelation;  statistics;  point pattern analysis;  geostatistics;  

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Abstract:

Proximity is a fundamental concept in any comprehensive ontology of space ( Worboys 2001). The provision of a context-contingent translation mechanism between linguistic proximity measures (e.g. “near”, “far”) and metric distance measures is an important topic in current GIS research. After a discussion of context factors that mediate the relationship between linguistic and metric distance measures, we present a statistical approach, Ordered Logit Regression, to the context-contingent proximity modeling. The approach can predict proximity given the corresponding metric distance and context variables. An empirical case study with human subjects is carried out using this statistical approach. Interpretation and predictive accuracy of the empirical case study are discussed.

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Abstract: One way to increase the power of Qualitative Spatial Reasoning is to introduce proximity operators (such as close and far) that are surrogates for distance measures. These operators appear to be semi-quantitative in nature as opposed to purely qualitative. In the light of observations drawn from psychometric testing of perceived proximity, this paper discusses how a model to support proximal reasoning could be constructed. The relationships between the model and the raw data are described. Fuzzy set membership is used to reason about the degree of closeness. The formulation of queries involving proximity is presented, with the meaning of linguistic variables being instantiated within a given context at execution time.

 Subjective distance;  

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Abstract: he interdistances between thirteen places situated in different parts of the world were estimated by 60 subjects. The estimates were analysed by Kruskal's multidimensional technique and, after a cosine transformation, by factor analysis. It was found that both methods yielded the same three-dimensional solution. Also a two-dimensional configuration could describe the data, and it was shown that this configuration contained representations of unidimensional ratings obtained in other studies. This investigation was supported by grants from the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Fund and the Swedish Council for Social Science Research.

 Subjective distance;  

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Abstract: One of the subjects in knowledge management is knowledge externalization and combination in which people express their tacit knowledge and formulate it. Communication among people is important for this process. This paper proposes a model that helps two users to have a discussion for knowledge externalization and combination. In this model, the computer verifies the consistency between the knowledge generated by inductive learning from cases and the two user's knowledge sets expressed by themselves. From the result of this verification, it provides the point at issue for the discussion to improve the knowledge. We conducted a user experiment in the domain of gure-fishing where real experts had participated in. We confirmed the effectiveness in activating people's communication and also in improving the quality of their knowledge.

 user interfaces;  Knowledge Capturing Interfaces;  

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Abstract: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) enable decision makers to view tabular data geographically, as maps. This simple yet powerful visual format appears to facilitate problem solving, yet how it does so is not clear, nor do we know the types of problems that benefit from this representation. To begin to understand the contributions of geographic representations over tabular representations, we conducted a three-factor experiment in problem solving. The experiment contained two different representations (map and table), three different geographic relationships (proximity, adjacency, and containment), and three levels of task difficulty (low, medium, and high). We found that maps generally produced faster problem solving than tables, and that problem-solving time increased with task difficulty. Most importantly, for the proximity and adjacency geographic relationships we found that maps kept problem-solving time low, while tables tended to increase time dramatically. However, we found that the number of knowledge states for each task explains performance times quite well and is a useful tool for understanding performance differences and interaction effects. As tasks become more difficult, representing them as maps generally keeps the number of knowledge states small, while for tables, the number of knowledge states increases dramatically. Correspondingly, problem-solving times increase dramatically with tables, but not with maps. In sum, as difficulty increases, maps are more effective for problem-solving tasks. Using maps, the tasks are simplified using visual heuristics that keep problemsolving times and error rates from rising as quickly as they do with tables.

 Knowledge Mapping;  

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Abstract: Organizations today are focused on the intellectual analysis of knowledge management and knowledge strategy. Often this cerebral view causes them to overlook a valuable tool for sharing, creating, analyzing and building upon knowledge, called knowledge mapping. Knowledge mapping quite simply is any visualization of knowledge beyond textual for the purpose of eliciting, codifying, sharing, using and expanding knowledge.

 Knowledge Mapping;  

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Abstract: Spatial competence is a central aspect of human adaptation. To understand human cognitive functioning, we must understand how people code the locations of things, how they navigate in the world, and how they represent and mentally manipulate spatial information. Until recently three approaches have dominated thinking about spatial development. Followers of Piaget claim that infants are born without knowledge of space or a conception of permanent objects that occupy space. They develop such knowledge through experience and manipulation of their environment. Nativists suggest that the essential aspects of spatial understanding are innate and that biological maturation of specific brain areas can account for whatever aspects of spatial development are not accounted for at birth. The Vygotskan approach emphasizes the cultural transmission of spatial skills. Nora Newcombe and Janellen Huttenlocher argue for an interactionist approach to spatial development that incorporates and integrates essential insights of the classic three approaches. They show how biological preparedness interacts with the spatial environment that infants encounter after birth to create spatial development and mature spatial competence. Topics covered include spatial coding during infancy and childhood; the early origins of coding distance in continuous space, of coding location with respect to distal external landmarks, and of hierarchical combination of information; the mental processes that operate on stored spatial information; spatial information as encoded in models and maps; and spatial information as encoded in language. In conclusion, the authors discuss their account of spatial development in relation to various approaches to cognitive development in other domains, including quantitative development, theory of mind, and language acquisition.

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Abstract: Visual Analytics is an emerging field of study that brings talents from many disciplines including statistics, mathematics, knowledge representation and synthesis, scientific and information visualization, cognitive and perceptual sciences, communications, decision sciences and more. The demand for visual analytics is being stimulated by new requirements for homeland security but similar needs are present in science, commerce, home, and almost any domain that deals with complex, large information sources that require human judgment to "detect the expected and discover the unexpected". The definition of visual analytics is the science of analytical reasoning facilitated by the visual interface. Jim will present the new needs for science and technology, referenced from the recent book Illuminating the Path: the Research and Development Agenda for Visual Analytics, http://nvac.pnl.gov/. Jim will also discuss the driving new characteristics of interaction and suggest the top technical challenges for visual analytics, enlisting comments and recommendations.

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Abstract: Robust, global, address geocoding is challenging because there is no single address format that applies to all geographies, and in any case, users may not restrict themselves to well-formed addresses. Particularly in online mapping systems, users frequently enter queries with missing or conflicting information, misspellings, address transpositions, and other such variations. We present a novel system which handles these difficulties by using a combination of textual similarity and spatial coherence to guide a depth-first search over the large space of possible interpretations of a text query. The system robustly matches text subsequences of a query with text attributes (i.e., any text labels associated with the entity) in a spatial-entity database. Each matched attribute is associated with the pre-computed spatial union of all entities that have that attribute. Candidate results are formed by incremental spatial intersections of these unions. Experimental results demonstrate that our system is capable of supporting regions with widely differing address formats, without region-specific customization or training. Furthermore, we show that our system significantly outperforms commercial systems for unstructured location queries and queries containing errors.

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Abstract: As the technological environment speeds up to a maddening degree, Klingberg, a professor of developmental cognitive neuroscience at Sweden's Karolinska Institute, warns that the huge burden of information overload and multitasking can exceed the limits of our slowly evolving stone-age brain. Using data showing the subtle increase in IQ scores during the last century and its link to educational improvements, Klingberg notes a gap between the rapidity of electronic high-tech devices and the brain's relatively slower capacity to process information, leading to memory malfunctions. The text can be somewhat academic, but the amount of scientific fact translated to something the reader can use is still sizable, including keen writing on the impact on working memory of problem solving, meditation, computer games, caffeine and the existence of attention deficit disorder. Klingberg also reviews the evidence that mental exercise can increase the capacity of working memory. A highly sane look at the increasingly insane demands of the information age, this book discusses with precision a subject worthy of attention. B&w illus.

 cognitive analysis;  information overload;  

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Abstract: The most popular visualization of RDF - the underlying language to represent the Semantic Web – is a Great Big Graph (GBG) or Big Fat Graph (BFG) if one prefers. By graph, we mean representations with nodes and edges to model the relationships within the space represented. Why are they the default representation? The answer that is usually proferred is that the Semantic Web is a Graph, ipso facto we use graphs to represent it. This notion that data should be presented to the user as it is represented in the computer is what we propose as the pathetic fallacy of RDF. In the following discussion, we consider examples of the pathetic fallacy in terms of the interaction challenge of * what knowledge these graphs communicate, * what tasks they support, and * whether these are the optimal paradigms for these representations/tasks. From this context, we investigate the question, are graphs the main default representation for the Semantic Web and if not, how might we think about formalized representations for the Semantic Web in order to make accessible the promised benefits of the Semantic Web for knowledge building.

 Visualization;  semantic Web;  rdf;  

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Abstract: For extracting the characteristics a specific geographic entity, and notably a place, we propose to use dynamic Extreme Tagging Systems in combination with the classic approach of static KR models like ontologies, thesauri and gazetteers. Indeed, we argue that in local search, the what that is queried is implicitly about places. However existing knowledge representation (KR) models, such as ontologies based on logical theories, conceptual spaces, affordance or other, cannot capture in isolation all aspects of the meaning of a place. Therefore we propose to use a combination of them based on the underlying notion of differences, linked elements of meaning without commitment to any KR model. Mapping to elements of different KR models can be made later to follow the requirements of a given task, supported by a KR representation of the elements that support this task. We show the usefulness of the approach for local search by applying it to the notion of place defined as a location that supports a homogeneous affordance field, i.e. the spatial area which allows me the do a particular thing, while allowing the homogeneity of movement, meaning that the previous field is not interrupted by any boundaries.

 Local Search;  

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Abstract: This paper proposes simple techniques for handling place refer- ences in search engine queries, an important aspect of geographical information retrieval. We address not only the detection, but also the disambiguation of place references, by matching them explic- itly with concepts at an ontology. Moreover, when a query does not reference any locations, we propose to use information from docu- ments matching the query, exploiting geographic scopes previously assigned to these documents. Evaluation experiments, using topics from CLEF campaigns and logs from real search engine queries, show the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.

 placename disambiguation;  

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Abstract: Web searchers signal their geographic intent by using place-names in search queries. They also indicate their flexibility about geographic specificity by reformulating their queries. By examining this data we can learn to understand web searcher flexibility with respect to geographic intent. We examine aggregated data of queries with locations, and locations identified from IP addresses, to identify overall distance preferences, as well as distance preferences by search topic. We also examine query rewriting: both deliberate query rewriting, conducted in web search sessions, and automated query rewriting, with manual relevance judgments of geo-modified queries. We find geo-specification in 12.7% of user query rewrites in search sessions, and show the breakdown into sub-classes such as same-city, same-state, same-country and different-country. We also measure the dependence between US-state-name and distance-of-modified-location-from-original-location, finding that Vermont web searchers modify their locations greater distances than California web searchers. We find that automatically-modified queries are perceived as much more relevant when the geographic component is unchanged. We look at the relationship between the non-location part of a query and the distance from the user. We see that people search for child day-care near their locations and maps far from where they are located. We also give distance profiles for the top topics which cooccur with place-names in queries, which could be used to set document priors based on document proximity and query topic.

 geomodification;  

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Abstract: Web Searchers signal their geographic intent by using placenames in search queries. They also indicate their fleixbility about geographic specificity by reformulating their queries. We conducted experiments on geomodification in query rewriting. we examine both deliberate query rewriting, conducted in user search session, and automated query rewriting, with users evaluating the relevance of geog-modified querie. We find geo-specification in 12.7% of user query rewrites in search sessions, and show the breakdown into sub-classes such as same city, same state, same country, and different country. We also measure the dependence between US-state-name and distance-of-modified-location-from-original-location, finding that Vermont web searchers modify their locations greater than distances than california web searchers. We also find that automatically-modified queries are perceived as much more relevant wehn the geographic component is unchanged.

 geomodification;  

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Abstract: This special issue presents eight articles, five long and three short, on techniques to improve recommender systems. They cover improving such aspects as user interaction with recommenders, the quality of results presented to users, and user trust in presented recommendations. This article is part of a special issue on Recommender Systems.

 Information retrieval;  Recommendation system;  

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Abstract: This special issue presents eight articles, five long and three short, on techniques to improve recommender systems. They cover improving such aspects as user interaction with recommenders, the quality of results presented to users, and user trust in presented recommendations. This article is part of a special issue on Recommender Systems.

 Information retrieval;  Recommendation system;  

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Abstract: Promoting visibility as seen through the unique lens of search engines.

 Information retrieval;  

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Abstract: The number of web pages available on Internet increases day after day, and consequently finding relevant information becomes more and more a hard task. However, when we consider communities of people with common interests, it is possible to improve the quality of the query results using knowledge extracted from the observed behaviors of the single users. In this paper we propose an agent-based recommendation system for supporting communities of people in searching the web by means of a popular search engine. Agents use data mining techniques in order to learn and discover users' behaviors, and they interact one another to share knowledge about their users. The paper presents also a set of experimental results showing, in terms of precision and recall, how agents interaction increases the performance of the overall system.

 Information retrieval;  Personalization;  Recommendation system;  

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Abstract: Effective search and retrieval are enabling technologies for realizing the full potential of the Web. The authors examine relevant issues, including methods for representing document content. They also compare available search tools and suggest methods for improving retrieval effectiveness

 Information retrieval;  internet;  World Wide Web;  indexing;  searching;  online front-ends;  document content;  enabling technologies;  

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Abstract: Searching for knowledge in Collaborative Networked Organizations (CNOs) is an important issue as partners must share and use the knowledge spread over the network. Besides that, partners of such networks work in several contexts (roles, activities, processes) and have individual interests. Based on these observations, the aim of this work is to provide and combine concepts such as topics, profiles and context in a model for customizing knowledge search in CNOs. The basic assumption is that the relevance of the search results in the CNO domain is not only defined by the terms of the query but also by the context and the profile of the user performing the search. Besides the model, a set of rules for query customization is presented and all these elements are framed in an existing framework for knowledge search.

 Information retrieval;  rule-based system;  

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Abstract: In this paper, we describe a user-centric Internet usage data processing platform. Raw usage data is collected using a software probe installed on a panel of Internet users' workstations. It is then processed by our platform. The transformation of raw usage data into qualified and usable information by Internet usage sociology researchers means setting up a series of relatively complex processes using quite a wide variety of resources. We use a combination of ad hoc rule-based systems and external resources to qualify the visited Web pages. We also implemented topological and temporal indicators in order to describe the dynamics of Web sessions.

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Abstract: Information Retrieval (IR) research has reached a point where it is appropriate to assess progress and to define a research agenda for the next five to ten years. This report summarize a discussion of IR research challenges that took place at a recent worksphop

 Information retrieval;  

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Abstract: The interrelation between Web publishing and information retrieval technologies is explored. The different elements of the Web have implications for indexing and searching Web pages. There are two main platforms used for searching the Web - directories and search engines - which later became combined to create one-stop search sites, resulting in the Web business model known as portals. Portalisation gave rise to a second-generation of firms delivering innovative search technology. Various new approaches to Web indexing and information retrieval are listed. PC-based search tools incorporate intelligent agents to allow greater manipulation of search strategies and results. Current trends are discussed, in particular the rise of XML, and their implications for the future. It is concluded that the Web is emerging from a nascent stage and is evolving into a more complex, diverse and structured environment.

 Information retrieval;  

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 web;  library;  Amazon;;  

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Abstract: For many years, catalogs have served as the gateway to library collections; our collections are inaccessible without them. This picture is rapidly changing with the current explosion of online resources. The new gateway is the World Wide Web. Should we attempt to accommodate the new resources in the old gateway? Libraries have struck various balances between what is accessed via their catalog versus their web site, but creating lists of online resources on the Web is always part of the solution. The author points out deficiencies of our catalogs that have led us to this point of creating a parallel catalog on our web sites. The author also offers some powerful reasons why focusing access on the Web makes sense now.

 CATALOGS;  World Wide Web;  Libraries;  Online information services;  

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Abstract: This research presents an algorithmic approach to addressing the vocabulary problem in scientific information retrieval and information sharing, using the molecular biology domain as an example. We first present a literature review of cognitive studies related to the vocabulary problem and vocabulary-based search aids (thesauri) and then discuss techniques for building robust and domain-specific thesauri to assist in cross-domain scientific information retrieval. Using a variation of the automatic thesaurus generation techniques, which we refer to as the concept space approach, we recently conducted an experiment in the molecular biology domain in which we created a C. elegans worm thesaurus of 7,657 worm-specific terms and a Drosophila fly thesaurus of 15,626 terms. About 30% of these terms overlapped, which created vocabulary paths from one subject domain to the other. Based on a cognitive study of term association involving four biologists, we found that a large percentage (59.6-85.6%) of the terms suggested by the subjects were identified in the conjoined fly-worm thesaurus. However, we found only a small percentage (8.4-18.1%) of the associations suggested by the subjects in the thesaurus. In a follow-up document retrieval study involving eight fly biologists, an actual worm database (Worm Community System), and the conjoined fly-worm thesaurus, subjects were able to find more relevant documents (an increase from about 9 documents to 20) and to improve the document recall level (from 32.41 to 65.28%) when using the thesaurus, although the precision level did not improve significantly. Implications of adopting the concept space approach for addressing the vocabulary problem in internet and digital libraries applications are also discussed.

 Information retrieval;  

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Abstract: Personal information agents have emerged in the last decade to help users to cope with the increasing amount of information available on the Internet. These agents are intelligent assistants that perform several information-related tasks such as finding, filtering and monitoring relevant information on behalf of users or communities of users. In order to provide personalized assistance, personal agents rely on representations of user information interests and preferences contained in user profiles. In this paper, we present a summary of the state-of-the-art in user profiling in the context of intelligent information agents. Existing approaches and lines of research in the main dimensions of user profiling, such as acquisition, learning, adaptation and evaluation, are discussed.

 agents;  Personalization;  user profiling;  

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 Personalization;  user profiling;  

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Abstract: Semantic search has been one of the motivations of the Semantic Web since it was envisioned. We propose a model for the exploitation of ontology-based KBs to improve search over large document repositories. Our approach includes an ontology-based scheme for the semi-automatic annotation of documents, and a retrieval system. The retrieval model is based on an adaptation of the classic vector-space model, including an annotation weighting algorithm, and a ranking algorithm. Semantic search is combined with keyword-based search to achieve tolerance to KB incompleteness. Our proposal is illustrated with sample experiments showing improvements with respect to keyword-based search, and providing ground for further research and discussion.

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Abstract: To help address pressing problems with information overload, researchers have developed personal agents to provide assistance to users in navigating the Web. To provide suggestions, such agents rely on user profiles representing interests and preferences, which makes acquiring and modeling interest categories a critical component in their design. Existing profiling approaches have only partially tackled the characteristics that distinguish user profiling from related tasks. The authors' technique generates readable user profiles that accurately capture interests, starting from observations of user behavior on the Web.

 internet;  agents;  Personalization;  user modelling;  information needs;  Intelligent Agents;  software agents;  information filtering;  Web navigation;  Web page filtering;  interest category modeling;  personal agents;  readable user profiles;  user behavior;  user profiling;  

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Abstract: In this competitive era, education has become equally demanding and competitive. Innovation in the sphere of education has led to new ways of learning. Internet has now made learning dynamic by introducing the concept of learning through E-learning. The dynamism in E-Learning can be made more powerful with the help of intelligent agents. Intelligent, autonomous, mobile, rational, reactive, persistent and moreover proactive computer code so called as agents represent the next tidal wave of innovation and development in the Information age. These agents perform specific tasks on the behalf of students, instructors, and other members of the educational community including parents and alumni. The agent-based technology is expected to have an effect as profound and lasting as the World Wide Web. It is growing to be a continuously evolving and expanding area. The paper focuses on the use of intelligent agents in the sphere of effective E-learning education.

 eLearning;  Intelligent Agents;  Perry's Model;  

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 Fiction;  

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Abstract: In information systems that support knowledge-discovery applications such as scientific exploration, reliance on highly structured ontologies as data-organization aids can be limiting. With current computational aids to science work, the human knowledge that creates meaning out of analyses is often only recorded when work reaches publication-or worse, left unrecorded altogether-for lack of an ontological model for scientific concepts that can capture knowledge as it is created and used. We argue for an approach to representing scientific concepts that reflects (1) the situated processes of science work, (2) the social construction of knowledge, and (3) the emergence and evolution of understanding over time. In this model, knowledge is the result of collaboration, negotiation, and manipulation by teams of researchers. Capturing the situations in which knowledge is created and used helps these collaborators discover areas of agreement and discord, while allowing individual inquirers to maintain different perspectives on the same information. The capture of provenance information allows historical trails of reasoning to be reconstructed, allowing end users to evaluate the utility and trustworthiness of knowledge representations. We present a proof-of-concept system, called Codex, based on this situated knowledge model. Codex supports visualization of knowledge structures through concept mapping, and enables inference across those structures. The proof-of-concept is deployed in the domain of geoscience to support distributed teams of learners and researchers.

 ontology;  situated knowledge;  Codex;  

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