Abstract: In the research project EPOS1 we build a pro-active, context-sensitive support system to aid the user with his knowledge work, which is mostly about searching, reading, creating, and archiving of documents. In order to avoid distracting the user, the context gathering is realized by installable user observation plugins for standard applications such as Mozilla Firefox and Thunderbird. The main part of this paper is about the definition of a context model for the personal knowledge management domain. The context model incorporates only contextual elements relevant to satisfy the knowledge worker’s potential information need. It stores only information items known to the user (such as links to his own documents, folders, ), as well as, shared ontologies to assure an understanding of the context. The context is modeled in and can be retrieved by context-aware applications from the context support system via an XML-RPC call.

 knowledge management;  Personal Knowledge Management;  

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Abstract: Much of knowledge management research and practice is focused on an organisational level; interventions and systems are designed and implemented without much thinking of how they would match the practices and daily routines of individual knowledge workers. Personal knowledge management is an approach that complements organisational KM by focusing on ways to support productivity of an individual knowledge worker. The aim of this paper is to propose a personal knowledge management framework by integrating insights from literature on knowledge work and knowledge worker activities with real-life examples of the use of weblogs for professional purposes: as personal knowledge repositories, learning journals or networking instruments. We draw upon the results of a weblog adoption study to propose a personal knowledge management framework that maps a knowledge worker's activities across three dimensions: individual, communities & networks, and ideas. We then discuss its implications for research and practice.

 Personal Knowledge Management;  

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Abstract: Personal Knowledge Management (PKM) was developed as a workshop for students in MBA programs at The Anderson School at UCLA. The Anderson School's MBA programs present significant challenges to incoming students: a heavy workload, limited time, extensive and diverse informational resources, and an advanced technological environment that includes a laptop requirement for each entering student. The workshop aimed to teach students practical methods for managing their work and school-related activities and meeting the challenges of a rigorous academic environment. Feedback and input from professionals helped further develop and refine the PKM approach to meet the needs of audiences both inside and outside the academic environment. PKM is a strategy for managing your information in our thethis information intense environment of todayís society where information overload is an intrinsic problem. Implementing this strategy will reduces the negative effects of information overload, while facilitating decision-making, problem solving and knowledge acquisition. (endnote: For the purposes of this paper, we will consider data, information, knowledge and wisdom as different. Let's assume we begin with data, add context to get information, add understanding to get knowledge, and add judgement (values) to get wisdom.)

 Personal Knowledge Management;  Knowledge Management;;  

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Abstract: Our students, who will spend most of their working lives in the 21st century, will need to see the computer and related technologies as an extension of themselves, as a tool as important as the pencil or quill pen was for the last several hundred years. Fifteen years ago, few people knew what a personal computer was. Now personal computers are ubiquitous. With the proliferation of personal computers and linked computer networks, there has been an increase in the amount of information produced, as well as new avenues of finding the information. Personal Knowledge Management (PKM) attempts to utilize the computer to help the individual manage the information explosion in a meaningful way. What is personal knowledge management? It’s a system designed by individuals for their own personal use. Knowledge management has been described by Davenport and Prusak as a systematic attempt to create, gather, distribute, and use knowledge. (a) Lethbridge characterizes it as the process of acquiring, representing, storing and manipulating the categorizations, characterizations and definitions of both things and their relationship. (b) PKM, as conceived at the Anderson School, is a conceptual framework to organize and integrate information that we, as individuals, feel is important so that it becomes part of our personal knowledge base. It provides a strategy for transforming what might be random pieces of information into something that can be systematically applied and that expands our personal knowledge.

 Personal Knowledge Management;  Knowledge Management;;  

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Abstract: A fundamental aspect of knowledge management is capturing knowledge and expertise created by knowledge workers as they go about their work and making it available to a larger community of colleagues. Technology can support these goals, and knowledge portals have emerged as a key tool for supporting knowledge work. Knowledge portals are single-point-access software systems intended to provide easy and timely access to information and to support communities of knowledge workers who share common goals. In this paper we discuss knowledge portal applications we have developed in collaboration with IBM Global Services, mainly for internal use by Global Services practitioners. We describe the role knowledge portals play in supporting knowledge work tasks and the component technologies embedded in portals, such as the gathering of distributed document information, indexing and text search, and categorization; and we discuss new functionality for future inclusion in knowledge portals. We share our experience deploying and maintaining portals. Finally, we describe how we view the future of knowledge portals in an expanding knowledge workplace that supports mobility, collaboration, and increasingly automated project workflow.

 knowledge management;  

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Abstract: People often use powerful tools to manage the documents they encounter, but very rarely to store the mental knowledge they glean from those documents. Popcorn is a personal knowledge base: an experimental interface and database designed to store and retrieve a user’s accumulated personal knowledge. It aims to let the user represent information in a way that corresponds more naturally to their mental conceptions than simply text would, in part by making heavy use of transclusion: sharing items among multiple contexts. This paper describes the design rationale for the system, contrasting it with related efforts, and presents the results of deploying it to a group of volunteers who used it in real-world settings. The results, while revealing some limitations in the tool, and some challenges in coping with knowledge reorganization, suggest that the analysis underlying the design is useful, and that Popcorn is a powerful and effective tool for a variety of intellectual work.

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Abstract: The amount of content, both on and offline, to which people in reasonably affluent nations have access has increased to the point that it has raised concerns that we are now suffering from a harmful condition of ‹information overload.’ Although the phrase is being used more frequently, the concept is not yet well understood – beyond expressing the rather basic idea of having access to more information than is good for us. This essay attempts to provide a philosophical explication of the concept of information overload and is therefore what philosophers call ‹conceptual analysis’ – a task that, along with normative ethical analysis, is distinctive to Anglo-American style analytic philosophy. I will begin with an analysis of the atomic concepts expressed by the terms ‹information’ and ‹overload’ and then attempt to give a philosophical explanation of the concept of information overload that more precisely identifies exactly what the condition amounts to.

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Abstract: Software tools abound for managing documents and other information sources, but are rarely used for managing the personal, subjective knowledge an individual gleans from them. Yet for at least sixty years there has been a thread of interest in building a system to support a personalized repository of knowledge. This survey defines such systems as “personal knowledge bases,” describes a number of important historical and recent examples, and gives a taxonomy of their principal characteristics. It concludes by broadly analyzing the design choices involved and sketching out an ideal solution.

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Abstract: Proposes the development of a network of `information superhighways that would help turn the mounting load of unused data in todays society into knowledge for problem solving. How the information system would work; Importance of meeting todayshunger for knowledge in the midst of an excess of data; How the United States government should respond.

 information overload;  Information Superhiway;  

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Abstract: Shifts in information-seeking strategies in information retrieval in the digital age. A planned-situational model

 Information retrieval;  

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Abstract: The lackness of a formal account is probably one of the most evident of the shortcomings of information retrieval : concepts like information, information need, and relevance are neither well understood nor formally defined. This paper sketches a cognitive framework that permits to analyze these three central concepts of the information retrieval scenario. The framework consists of concepts as cognitive agents acting in the world, knowledge states possessed by the cognitive agents, transitions among knowledge states, and inferences. On the basis of the framework, information is formally defined as a pair representing the difference between two knowledge states ; this definition permits to clarify the distinction among data, knowledge, and information and to discuss the subjectiveness of information. On this ground, the concept of information need is examined : it is defined, it is studied in the context of the interaction between an information retrieval system and a user, and the well known classification in verificative, conscious topical, and muddled needs is analyzed. On the basis of the above definitions of information and information need, relevance is formally defined, and some critical features of this concept are discussed.

 Information retrieval;  knowledge;  Information Need;  Relevance;  Information;  

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Abstract: Sorry no abstract available for this article

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Abstract: An organization uses information strategically in three areas: to make sense of change in its environment; to create new knowledge for innovation; and to make decisions about courses of action. These apparently distinct processes are in fact complementary pieces of a larger canvas, and the information behaviors analyzed in each approach interweave into a richer explanation of information use in organizations. Through sensemaking, people in an organization give meaning to the events and actions of the organization. Through knowledge creation, the insights of individuals are converted into knowledge that can be used to design new products or improve performance. Finally, in decision making, understanding and knowledge are focused on the selection of and commitment to an appropriate course of action. By holistically managing its sensemaking, knowledge building and decision-making processes, the Knowing Organization will have the necessary understanding and knowledge to act wisely and decisively.

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Abstract: Academic and practitioner interpretations of knowledge management are captured through a comprehensive taxonomy of knowledge models. How knowledge is absorbed raises the question as to whether focus should be placed on knowledge transfer or knowledge management. It is concluded that the contextual demands for knowledge application dictate which pathway to pursue.

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Abstract: Information is integral to our experience of the world and to personal, social and organisational functioning. This article provides a review of the different perspectives on the nature of information that can be drawn respectively, from the literatures of communication theory, library and information science, information systems, computer science, other professional disciplines, cognitive science, organisation science, and policy making. Five definitions of information are identified: information as subjective knowledge, information as useful data or as a thing, information as a resource, information as a commodity, and information as a constitutive force in society. Attempts to integrate these perspective on information must take into account the context of information processing. Individuals, organisations and societies are concerned with the role that information can play in processes such as decision making, learning or innovation, whereas information professionals and information systems designers, the professionals concerned with information, need to be able to impose structure on information in order to gather it into their systems, and therefore need to treat information as an object and to create a systems view of information.

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Abstract: This paper revisits the data-information-knowledge-wisdom (DIKW) hierarchy by examining the articulation of the hierarchy in a number of widely read textbooks, and analysing their statements about the nature of data, information, knowledge, and wisdom. The hierarchy referred to variously as the Knowledge Hierarchy, the Information Hierarchy and the Knowledge Pyramid is one of the fundamental, widely recognized and taken-for-granted models in the information and knowledge literatures. It is often quoted, or used implicitly, in definitions of data, information and knowledge in the information management, information systems and knowledge management literatures, but there has been limited direct discussion of the hierarchy. After revisiting Ackoffs original articulation of the hierarchy, definitions of data, information, knowledge and wisdom as articulated in recent textbooks in information systems and knowledge management are reviewed and assessed, in pursuit of a consensus on definitions and transformation processes. This process brings to the surface the extent of agreement and dissent in relation to these definitions, and provides a basis for a discussion as to whether these articulations present an adequate distinction between data, information, and knowledge. Typically information is defined in terms of data, knowledge in terms of information, and wisdom in terms of knowledge, but there is less consensus in the description of the processes that transform elements lower in the hierarchy into those above them, leading to a lack of definitional clarity. In addition, there is limited reference to wisdom in these texts.

 DIKW hierarchy;  wisdom;  

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Abstract: Data overload is a generic and tremendously difficult problem that has only grown with each new wave of technological capabilities. As a generic and persistent problem, three observations are in need of explanation: Why is data overload so difficult to address? Why has each wave of technology exacerbated, rather than resolved, data overload? How are people, as adaptive responsible agents in context, able to cope with the challenge of data overload? In this paper, first we examine three different characterisations that have been offered to capture the nature of the data overload problem and how they lead to different proposed solutions. As a result, we propose that (a) data overload is difficult because of the context sensitivity problem – meaning lies, not in data, but in relationships of data to interests and expectations and (b) new waves of technology exacerbate data overload when they ignore or try to finesse context sensitivity. The paper then summarises the mechanisms of human perception and cognition that enable people to focus on the relevant subset of the available data despite the fact that what is interesting depends on context. By focusing attention on the root issues that make data overload a difficult problem and on people’s fundamental competence, we have identified a set of constraints that all potential solutions must meet. Notable among these constraints is the idea that organisation precedes selectivity. These constraints point toward regions of the solution space that have been little explored. In order to place data in context, designers need to display data in a conceptual space that depicts the relationships, events and contrasts that are informative in a field of practice.

 data overload;  

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Abstract: Information overload isn't new. The information explosion has lead to a superfluity of information -- databases, web sites, books, journals, listservs, faxes. Yet with all this information available many patrons complain they either can't find what the need or else they get thousands of 'hits.' The challenge of the Information Age has become turning information overload into knowledge. More information does not automatically lead to better information. Each year the problems appear to be geometrically increasing. Libraries are trying to move from quantity to quality of information provision. How to deal with data smog and technostress has been the topic of much research and publication. A variety of tools, technological and psychological, can help librarians guide and assist their patrons in dealing with the onslaught of information

 Information glut;  Information Overload;;  

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Abstract: The rapid growth in data volume, user base, and data diversity render Internet-accessible information increasingly difficult to be used effectively. In this paper we discuss the issues involved with knowledge discovery in knowledge bases, in particular the WWW, by presenting a general architecture and describing how it has been instantiated in a functional system we developed. The system attempts to concurrently maximize and optimize the resource/knowledge discovery, and custimize the information to individual users. A number of machine learning techniques have been employed in the development of the system for comparative reasons - results are presented and discussed.

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Abstract: Sorry no abstract available for this article

 graph theory;  Website navigation aid;  Recommendation system;  Access log;  

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Abstract: This article addresses three main questions: What causes cognitive overload in the workplace? What analytical framework should be used to understand how agents interact with their work environments? How can environments be restructured to improve the cognitive workflow of agents? Four primary causes of overload are identified: too much information supply, too much information demand, constant multi-tasking and interruption, and inadequate workplace infrastructure to help reduce the need for planning, monitoring, reminding, reclassifying information, etc... The first step in reducing the cognitive impact of these causes is to enrich classical frameworks for understanding work environments, such as Newell and Simon's notion of a task environment, by recognizing that our actual workplace is a superposition of many specific environments -- activity spaces -- which we slip between. Each has its own cost structure arising from the tools and resources available, including the cognitive strategies and interpretational frameworks of individual agents. These cognitive factors are significant, affecting how easy or difficult it is to perform an action, such as finding a specific paper in a "messy" desk. A few simple examples show how work environments can be redesigned and how restructuring can alter the cost structure of activity spaces

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 Intelligent Agents;  

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 information overload;  

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 information overload;  Intelligent Agents;  Information Cutomization;  

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Abstract: Social bookmark tools are rapidly emerging on the Web. In such systems users are setting up lightweight conceptual structures called folksonomies. The reason for their immediate success is the fact that no specific skills are needed for participating. At the moment, however, the information retrieval support is limited. We present a formal model and a new search algorithm for folksonomies, called FolkRank, that exploits the structure of the folksonomy. The proposed algorithm is also applied to find communities within the folksonomy and is used to structure search results. All findings are demonstrated on a large scale dataset.

 search;  query;  information-retrieval;  folksonomy;  ranking;  

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Abstract: A search tactic is a set of search moves that are temporally and semantically related. The current study examined the tactics of medical students searching a factual database in microbiology. The students answered problems and searched the database on three occasions over a 9-month period. Their search moves were analyzed in terms of the changes in search terms used from one cycle to the next, using two different analysis methods.Common patterns were found in the students' search tactics; the most common approach was the specification of a concept, followed by the addition of one or more concepts, gradually narrowing the retrieved set before it was displayed. It was also found that the search tactics changed over time as the students' domain knowledge changed. These results have important implications for designers in developing systems that will support users' preferred ways of formulating searches. In addition, the research methods used (the coding scheme and the two data analysis methods--zero-order state transition matrices and maximal repeating patterns [MRP] analysis) are discussed in terms of their validity in future studies of search tactics.

 Information retrieval;  

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Abstract: : The application of natural language processing tools and techniques to information retrieval tasks has long since been identified as potentially useful for the quality of information retrieval. Traditionally, IR has been based on matching words or terms in a query with words or terms in a document. In this paper we introduce an approach to IR based on computing a semantic distance measurement between concepts or words and using this word distance to compute a similarity between a query and a document. Two such semantic distance measures are presented in this paper and both are benchmarked on queries and documents from the TREC collection. Although our results in terms of precision and recall are disappointing, we rationalise this in terms of our experimental setup and our results show promise for future work in this area. 1 Introduction Many of the problems in information retrieval stem from the richness in terms of expressive power, yet the ambiguity inherent in natural language. N...

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Abstract: This paper describes Koru, a new search interface that offers effective domain-independent knowledge-based information retrieval. Koru exhibits an understanding of the topics of both queries and documents. This allows it to (a) expand queries automatically and (b) help guide the user as they evolve their queries interactively. Its understanding is mined from the vast investment of manual effort and judgment that is Wikipedia. We show how this open, constantly evolving encyclopedia can yield inexpensive knowledge structures that are specifically tailored to expose the topics, terminology and semantics of individual document collections. We conducted a detailed user study with 12 participants and 10 topics from the 2005 TREC HARD track, and found that Koru and its underlying knowledge base offers significant advantages over traditional keyword search. It was capable of lending assistance to almost every query issued to it; making their entry more efficient, improving the relevance of the documents they return, and narrowing the gap between expert and novice seekers.

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Abstract: This paper presents a knowledge-based approach to effective document retrieval. This approach is based on a dual document model that consists of a document type hierarchy and a folder organization. A predicate-based document query language is proposed to enable users to precisely and accurately specify the search criteria and their knowledge about the documents to be retrieved. A guided search tool is developed as an intelligent natural language oriented user interface to assist users formulating queries. Supported by an intelligent question generator, an inference engine, a question base, and a predicate-based query composer, the guided search collects the most important information known to the user to retrieve the documents that satisfy users' particular interests. A knowledge-based query processing and search engine is devised as the core component in this approach. Algorithms are developed for the search engine to effectively and efficiently retrieve the documents that match the query.

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Abstract: Nowadays Web users have clearly expressed their wishes to receive personalized services directly. Personalization is the way to tailor services directly to the immediate requirements of the user. However, the current Web Services System does not provide any features supporting this such as consideration of personalization of services and intelligent matchmaking. In this research a flexible, personalized Rule-based Web Services System to address these problems and to enable efficient search, discovery and construction across general Web documents and Semantic Web documents in a Web Services System is proposed. This system utilizes matchmaking among service requesters’, service providers’ and users’ preferences using a Rule-based Search Method, and subsequently ranks search results. A prototype of efficient Web Services search and construction for the suggested system is developed based on the current work.

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Abstract: From the author of Teaching as a Subversive Activity comes a sustained, withering and thought-provoking attack on television and what it is doing to us. Postman's theme is the decline of the printed word and the ascendancy of the "tube" with its tendency to present everythingmurder, mayhem, politics, weatheras entertainment. The ultimate effect, as Postman sees it, is the shrivelling of public discourse as TV degrades our conception of what constitutes news, political debate, art, even religious thought. Early chapters trace America's one-time love affair with the printed word, from colonial pamphlets to the publication of the Lincoln-Douglas debates. There's a biting analysis of TV commercials as a form of "instant therapy" based on the assumption that human problems are easily solvable. Postman goes further than other critics in demonstrating that television represents a hostile attack on literate culture.

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Abstract: Relevance is a, if not even the, key notion in information science in general and information retrieval in particular. This two-part critical review traces and synthesizes the scholarship on relevance over the past 30 years and provides an updated framework within which the still widely dissonant ideas and works about relevance might be interpreted and related. It is a continuation and update of a similar review that appeared in 1975 under the same title, considered here as being Part I. The present review is organized into two parts: Part II addresses the questions related to nature and manifestations of relevance, and Part III addresses questions related to relevance behavior and effects. In Part II, the nature of relevance is discussed in terms of meaning ascribed to relevance, theories used or proposed, and models that have been developed. The manifestations of relevance are classified as to several kinds of relevance that form an interdependent system of relevances. In Part III, relevance behavior and effects are synthesized using experimental and observational works that incorporate data. In both parts, each section concludes with a summary that in effect provides an interpretation and synthesis of contemporary thinking on the topic treated or suggests hypotheses for future research. Analyses of some of the major trends that shape relevance work are offered in conclusions.

 Relevance;  

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Abstract: Relevance is a fundamental, though not completely understood, concept for documentation, information science, and information retrieval. This article presents the history of relevance through an exhaustive review of the literature. Such history being very complex (about 160 papers are discussed), it is not simple to describe it in a comprehensible way. Thus, first of all a framework for establishing a common ground is defined, and then the history itself is illustrated via the presentation in chronological order of the papers on relevance. The history is divided into three periods (Before 1958, 1959-1976, and 1977-present) and, inside each period, the papers on relevance are analyzed under seven different aspects (methodological foundations, different kinds of relevance, beyond-topical criteria adopted by users, modes for expression of the relevance judgment, dynamic nature of relevance, types of document representation, and agreement among

 Relevance;  Search and Retrieval;  

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Abstract: Information science emerged as the third subject, along with logic and philosophy, to deal with relevance-an elusive, human notion. The concern with relevance, as a key notion in information science, is traced to the problems of scientific communication. Relevance is considered as a measure of the effectiveness of a contact between a source and a destination in a communication process. The different views of relevance that emerged are interpreted and related within a framework of communication of knowledge. Different views arose because relevance was considered at a number of different points in the process of knowledge communication. It is suggested that there exists an interlocking, interplaying cycle of various systems of relevances.

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Abstract: Based on literature from the domains of organization science, marketing, accounting, and management information systems, this review article examines the theoretical basis of the information overload discourse and presents an overview of the main definitions, situations, causes, effects, and countermeasures. It analyzes the contributions from the last 30 years to consolidate the existing research in a conceptual framework and to identify future research directions.

 information overload;  

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Abstract: In this paper, an Adaptive and Active Computing Paradigm (AACP) for personalized information service in heterogeneous environment is proposed to provide user-centered, push-based high quality information service timely in a proper way, the motivation of which is generalized as R4 Service: the Right information at the Right time in the Right way to the Right person, upon which formalized algorithms of adaptive user profile management, incremental information retrieval, information filtering, and active delivery mechanism are discussed in details. The AACP paradigm serves users in a push-based, event-driven, interest-related, adaptive and active information service mode, which is useful and promising for long-term user to gain fresh information instead of polling from kinds of information sources. Performance evaluations based on the AACP retrieval system that we have fully implemented manifest the proposed schema is effective, stable, feasible for adaptive and active information service in distributed heterogeneous environment.

 information overload;  Adapative and active computing paradigm;  

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Abstract: This article classifies information retrieval applications into three classes depending on the correspondence between a user's request and the queries posed to the document base. It is argued that the mapping of requests (on a semantic level) to formalized queries (often on a lexical level) determines the range of retrieval effectiveness that may be obtained and that this classification may explain the discrepancy found in some information retrieval tests. It may also shed new light on a debate in the profession about the efficiency of retrieval systems in relation to precision, recall and information overload.

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Abstract: Pursuing a nodal (i.e., subsidiary) level of analysis, this paper advances and tests an overarching theoretical framework pertaining to intracorporate knowledge transfers within multinational corporations (MNCs). We predicted that (i) knowledge outflows from a subsidiary would be positively associated with value of the subsidiarys knowledge stock, its motivational disposition to share knowledge, and the richness of transmission channels; and (ii) knowledge inflows into a subsidiary would be positively associated with richness of transmission channels, motivational disposition to acquire knowledge, and the capacity to absorb the incoming knowledge. These predictions were tested empirically with data from 374 subsidiaries within 75 MNCs headquartered in the U.S., Europe, and Japan. Except for our predictions regarding the impact of source unit's motivational disposition on knowledge outflows, the data provide either full or partial support to all of the other elements of our theoretical framework.

 Knowledge Transfer;  

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Abstract: We have developed Textpresso, a new text-mining system for scientific literature whose capabilities go far beyond those of a simple keyword search engine. Textpresso's two major elements are a collection of the full text of scientific articles split into individual sentences, and the implementation of categories of terms for which a database of articles and individual sentences can be searched. The categories are classes of biological concepts (e.g., gene, allele, cell or cell group, phenotype, etc.) and classes that relate two objects (e.g., association, regulation, etc.) or describe one (e.g., biological process, etc.). Together they form a catalog of types of objects and concepts called an ontology. After this ontology is populated with terms, the whole corpus of articles and abstracts is marked up to identify terms of these categories. The current ontology comprises 33 categories of terms. A search engine enables the user to search for one or a combination of these tags and/or keywords within a sentence or document, and as the ontology allows word meaning to be queried, it is possible to formulate semantic queries. Full text access increases recall of biological data types from 45% to 95%. Extraction of particular biological facts, such as gene-gene interactions, can be accelerated significantly by ontologies, with Textpresso automatically performing nearly as well as expert curators to identify sentences; in searches for two uniquely named genes and an interaction term, the ontology confers a 3-fold increase of search efficiency. Textpresso currently focuses on Caenorhabditis elegans literature, with 3,800 full text articles and 16,000 abstracts. The lexicon of the ontology contains 14,500 entries, each of which includes all versions of a specific word or phrase, and it includes all categories of the Gene Ontology database. Textpresso is a useful curation tool, as well as search engine for researchers, and can readily be extended to other organism-specific corpora of text. Textpresso can be accessed at http://www.textpresso.org or via WormBase at http://www.wormbase.org.

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Abstract: The paper reviews the development of generic user modeling systems over the past twenty years. It describes their purposes, their services within user-adaptive systems, and the different design requirements for research prototypes and commercially deployed servers. It discusses the architectures that have been explored so far, namely shell systems that form part of the application, central server systems that communicate with several applications, and possible future user modeling agents that physically follow the user. Several implemented research prototypes and commercial systems are briefly described.

 user modelling;  

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Abstract: Behavior-oriented AI is a scientific discipline that studies how behavior of agents emerges and becomes intelligent and adaptive. Success of the field is defined in terms of success in building physical agents that are capable of maximizing their own self-preservation in interaction with a dynamically changing environment. The paper addresses this artificial life route towards artificial intelligence and reviews some of the results obtained so far.

 artificial life;  

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Abstract: Describes how techniques from artificial life can be used to evolve a population of personalized information filtering agents. The technique of artificial evolution and the technique of learning from feedback are combined to develop a semi-automated information filtering system which dynamically adapts to the changing interests of the user. Results of a set of experiments are presented in which a small population of information filtering agents was evolved to make a personalized selection of news articles from the USENET newsgroups. The results show that the artificial evolution component of the system is responsible for improving the recall rate of the selected set of articles, while learning from feedback component improves the precision rate

 Information retrieval;  artificial life;  learning (artificial intelligence);  feedback;  genetic algorithms;  online front-ends;  personal computing;  software agents;  USENET newsgroups;  artificial evolution;  changing user interests;  dynamic adaptation;  evolving agents;  learning from feedback;  news articles;  personalized information filtering;  precision rate;  recall rate;  semi-autonomous system;  artifiical life;  

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Abstract: BACKGROUND: Veterans Affairs medical centers (VAMCs) provide better preventive and chronic disease care when compared with other health care organizations, although recent health care quality improvement initiatives outside the VAMC sector may have narrowed quality differences. METHODS: Using the nationally representative 2000 and 2004 surveys of the Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System, which included 152,310 community-dwelling insured adults in 2000 and 251,570 in 2004, we compared self-reported use of 17 recommended ambulatory care services for cancer prevention, cardiovascular risk reduction, diabetes mellitus management, and infectious disease prevention among insured adults receiving and not receiving care at VAMCs. RESULTS: A total of 2852 insured adults (1.9%) received care at VAMCs in 2000 and 7155 (2.4%) received care at VAMCs in 2004. Use of 9 of the 17 services was greater in 2004 when compared with 2000 (P < or = .05). In 2000, receiving VAMC care was associated with greater use of 6 of the 17 services; in 2004, receiving VAMC care was associated with greater use of 12 of the 17 services (P < or = .05). In 2004, greater use among these 12 services ranged from 10% greater use of cholesterol screening to 40% greater use of colorectal cancer screening. For 13 of the 17 services, the likelihood of service use among adults receiving VAMC care when compared with adults not receiving VAMC care was not significantly different in 2004 than in 2000. However, this likelihood was significantly greater (for VAMC vs non-VAMC use) in 2004 than in 2000 for breast cancer screening (relative risk [RR], 1.21 [95% confidence interval \CI\, 1.15-1.25] vs 0.80 [95% CI, 0.58-0.98]; P < .001), dilated eye examination among adults with diabetes (RR, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.07-1.15] vs 1.01 [95% CI, 0.88-1.09]; P = .04), and influenza (RR, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.24-1.36] vs 1.06 [95% CI, 0.89-1.21]; P = .006) and pneumococcal (RR, 1.27 [95% CI, 1.23-1.31] vs 1.04 [95% CI, 0.86-1.21]; P = .005) vaccinations. CONCLUSION: Despite increasing emphasis on quality of care and improved performance throughout the US health care system, adults receiving VAMC care remain more likely to receive recommended ambulatory care.

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 information overload;  agents;  

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Abstract: This paper considers the role of intelligent agents as cognitive tools for human learning. With significant theoretical support, the potential of intelligent agents as cognitive tools is discussed together with issues regarding learning by the intelligent agents. In terms of educational potential for intelligent agents as cognitive tools, the following three functions for development are discussed: 1) managing information overload; 2) serving as a pedagogical expert; and 3) creating programming environments for the learner.

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Abstract: Many users of online and other automated information systems want to take advantage of the speed and power of automated retrieval, while still controlling and directing the steps of the search themselves. They do not want the system to take over and carry out the search entirely for them. Yet the objective of much of current theory and experimentation in information retrieval systems and interfaces is to design systems in which the user has either no or only reactive involvement with the search process. It is argued here that the advanced information retrieval research community is missing an opportunity to design systems that are in better harmony with the actual preferences of many users--sophisticated systems that provide an optimal combination of searcher control and system retrieval power. The user may be provided effective means of directing the search if capabilities specific to the information retrieval process, that is, strategic behaviors normally associated with information searching, are incorporated into the interface. There are many questions concerning 1) the degree of user vs. system involvement in the search, and 2) the size, or chunking, of activities, that is, how much and what type of activity the user should be able to direct the system to do at once. These two dimensions are analyzed and a number of configurations of system capability that combine user and system control are presented and discussed. In the process, the concept of the information search stratagem is introduced, and particular attention is paid to the provision of strategic, as opposed to purely procedural capabilities for the searcher. Finally, certain of the types of user-system relationship are selected as deserving particular attention in future information retrieval system design, and arguments are made to support the recommendations.

 Information Seeking Process;  

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Abstract: This paper investigates the use of ontologies in processes of collaborative learning and knowledge generation. The creation and use of ontologies is analysed from an activity theoretical perspective in order to understand processes of shared conceptualization as well as the role of ontologies in processes of change and transformation. Scenarios of ontology-based collaborative learning and knowledge-creation are presented. This work is based on the cultural-historical activity theory, providing a theoretical framework (1) for understanding processes of knowledge-creation which take place when generating and using ontologies and (2) to investigate the dynamic relationship (coupling) between individual learning and the transformation of a community.

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Abstract: In this era of knowledge economy, knowledge management, the key point of which is externalization of tacit knowledge, has been drawing more and more attention. By using the new concepts and tools emerging after Web 2.0 this paper provides a conceptual model to externalize and utilize of tacit knowledge on the basis of analysis and cogitation of difficult key issues during the process of externalization.

 web 2.0;  SECI;  Tacit Knowledge;  

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