language

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 spatial language;  language;  

Abstract: Syntax is the study of principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular language. Syntactic investigation of a given language has its goal the contruction of a grammar that can be viewed as a device of some sort for producing the sentences of the language under analysis. More generally, linguists must be concerned with the problem of determining the fundamental underlying properties of successful grammars. The ultimate outcome of these investigations should be a theory of linguistic structure in which the descriptive devices utilized in particular grammars are presented and studied abstractly, with no specific reference to particular languages. One function of this theory is to provide a general method for selecting a grammar for each language, given a corpus of sentences of this language.

 Deep Structure;  Syntactic Structure;  finite state grammar;  language;  

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 perception;  cognition;  language;  

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 language;  knowledge;  thoughts;  

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 cognition;  language;  

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 cognition;  language;  

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 language;  

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 language;  

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 language;  

Abstract: Time is an important part of establishing situations in the world. As such, temporal information should be reflected in the organization of information into situation models. This article reports 3 experiments that explore whether people will integrate sets of related facts into situation models in a time-based fashion. People memorized lists of facts and then took a speeded recognition test. A retrieval interference methodology was used to assess whether they had integrated the facts into situation models. The presence of interference indicated a lack of integration. In contrast, a marked reduction or an absence in interference indicated integration. In 2 experiments, time-based integration was observed when common time periods were referred to by either events (e.g., when the camera flashed) or verb tense (i.e., past, present, and future). A 3rd experiment demonstrated that common time periods alone are not sufficient; the information must be allowed to occur potentially within the same situation.

 language;  time;  

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 language;  

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 cognition;  language;  

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 spatial relations;  language;  

Abstract: Metaphors reflect processes of thinking and , consequently, appear not just in language but in perception as well. A notable example of metaphorical perception is synesthesia, in which music or voices may be perceived to have shapes, textures, or colors. Another example is physiognomic perception, in which dark objects may be perceived as gloomy or bright ones may be perceived as happy. Synesthetic perception and physiognomic perception alike reveal the presence of deep similarities across different sense modalities, and many of these similarities appear to be inherent to perception. In this regard, intersensory and physiognomic metaphors reflect natural rather than conventional symbols or signs. Despite their perceptual origin, metaphirocal relations evident in synesthetic and physiognomic perception are also represented in and accessible through language. Conseuentlhy, in information processing tasks requiring people to identify or categorize perceptual stimuli, linguistic or abstract processes, rather than strictly perceptual processes, may mediate cross modal, metaphoric interactions. Several major theses resound through the burgeoning literature on the psychology of metaphor. Among these is the growing recognition that metaphor is more than just a retorical device to embellish writing or speech, indeed that it is more than a linguistic phenomenon per se. Following hints from psychologists such as Arnheim (1969), literary critics such as Richards (1936), and philosophers such as Black (1962), it is now widely acknowledged that the processing of verbal metaphors differs in no deep way from that of literal statements (e.g., Gibbs, 1984; Glucksberg & Keysar, 1990) and that metaphorical processes are fundamental properties of cognition and conceptualization and not just of language (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). From this, it is a short step to infer that metaphor involves mechanisms of thinking and not just mechanisms of writing or speaking (e.g., Bowers, 1990; Haskell, 1987; Kennedy, 1990).

 language;  

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 language;  

Abstract: Briefly exposed 48 undergraduates to an artificial language in which the only cues available for word segmentation were the transitional probabilities between syllables. In Exp 1, Ss ability to use transitional probabilities as cues to word boundaries was investigated. In Exp 2, distributional cues to words (transitional probabilities) were accompanied by a consistent prosodic cue, vowel lengthening. Ss were able to learn the words of the language. Furthermore, the addition of certain prosodic cues served to enhance performance. Results suggest that distributional cues may play an important role in the initial word segmentation of language learners.

 language;  

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 language;  

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 language;  

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 language;  

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 language;  

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 language;  

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 spatial cognition;  chap 4;  chap 5;  language;  

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 language;  data dictionary;  

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 language;  

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 language;  

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 language;  

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 language;  

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 language;  

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 language;  

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 language;  

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 language;  

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 language;  

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 language;  

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 language;  

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 language;  

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 language;  culture;  

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 cognition;  language;  

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 language;  

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 language;  metaphor;  

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 language;  

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 language;  

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 language;  

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 cognition;  language;