GIS

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 GIS;  epidemiology;  clustering;  health;  spatial;  space-time;  westnilevirus;  

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Abstract: The use of the related terms “agent-based”, “multi-agent”, “software agent” and “intelligent agent” have witnessed significant growth in the Geographic Information Science (GIScience) literature in the past decade. These terms usually refer to both artificial life agents that simulate human and animal behavior and software agents that support human-computer interactions. In this article we first comprehensively review both types of agents. Then we argue that both these categories of agents borrow from Artificial Intelligence (AI) research, requiring them to share the characteristics of and be similar to AI agents. We also argue that geospatial agents form a distinct category of AI agents because they are explicit about geography and geographic data models. Our overall goal is to first capture the diversity of, and then define and categorize GIScience agent research into geospatial agents, thereby capturing the diversity of agent-oriented architectures and applications that have been developed in the recent past to present a holistic review of geospatial agents.

 GIS;  agents;  AI;  artificial intelligence;  geographic;  artificial life;  

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Abstract: Understanding how people use online maps allows data acquisition teams to concentrate their efforts on the portions of the map that are most seen by users. Online maps represent vast databases, and so it is insufficient to simply look at a list of the most-accessed URLs. Hotmap takes advantage of the design of a mapping systems imagery pyramid to superpose a heatmap of the log files over the original maps. Users behavior within the system can be observed and interpreted. This paper discusses the imagery acquisition task that motivated Hotmap, and presents several examples of information that Hotmap makes visible. we discuss the design choices behind Hotmap, including logarithmic color schemes; low-saturation background images; and tuning images to explore both infrequently-viewed and frequently-viewed spaces.

 GIS;  Geography;  Visualization;  maps;  infovis;  web20;  geospatial;  vast;  social navigation;  geographical visualization;  heatmap;  server log analysis;  online mapping systems;  

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Abstract: Access to good-quality health services is crucial for the improvement of many health outcomes, such as those targeted by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted by the international community in 2000. The health-related MDGs cannot be achieved if vulnerable populations do not have access to skilled personnel and to other necessary inputs. This paper focuses on the geographical dimension of access and on one of its critical determinants: the availability of qualified personnel. The objective of this paper is to offer a better understanding of the determinants of geographical imbalances in the distribution of health personnel, and to identify and assess the strategies developed to correct them. It reviews the recent literature on determinants, barriers and the effects of strategies that attempted to correct geographical imbalances, with a focus on empirical studies from developing and developed countries. An analysis of determinants of success and failures of strategies implemented, and a summary of lessons learnt, is included.

 Deep Structure;  universal grammar;  semantics;  emergent theory;  generative grammar;  GIS;  NRBIB: YOSE-0009 MANAGEMENT restoration Merced, Tuolumne Grove, Yosemite National Park, CA;  PLANT STUDIES ECOLOGY land management ecology native american;  ECOLOGY paleoclimates fire history paleoecology;  NRBIB: YOSE-2436 ANIMAL STUDIES birds (Aves) frogs & toads (Salientia) alpine zone lakes & ponds Yosemite National Park, CA;  ANIMAL STUDIES Non-native species fish bird communities habitat;  NRBIB: YOSE-0007 PLANT STUDIES distribution Yosemite woollysunflower (Eriophyllum nubigenum) Yosemite National Park, CA;  AQUATIC SCIENCES ECOLOGY algae study benthic invertebrates ecological survey Yosemite Valley water quality environment conditions;  PHYSICAL SCIENCES communication electromagnetic signals dipole;  NRBIB: YOSE-0003 ANIMAL STUDIES insects (Insecta) checklist Yosemite National Park, CA;  NRBIB: YOSE-0415 PHYSICAL SCIENCES bedrock geology map Yosemite National Park, CA;  NRBIB: YOSE-0169 ANIMAL STUDIES reintroduction (species) population dynamics mortality bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) Yosemite National Park, CA;  PLANT STUDIES MANAGEMENT woodlitter firewood consumption Sierra Nevada;  ANIMAL STUDIES landbirds survival avian productivity MAPS monitoring neotropical migrants Yosemite National Park survivorship;  MANAGEMENT fishing regulations;  ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT grazing game introductions wildlands management habitat non-indigenous game species public lands;  ANIMAL STUDIES amphibian declines frog toad salamander survey Yosemite National Park, CA;  ANIMAL STUDIES amphibians (Amphibia) frogs & toads (Salientia) mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana muscosa) Yosemite toad (Bufo canorus) Yosemite National Park, CA western toad (Bufo boreas) California newt (Taricha torosa) bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana);  ANIMAL STUDIES amphibian declines survey protocol frog toad salamander;  NRBIB: YOSE-0889 NRBIB: LAVO- NRBIB: SEKI-3218 NRBIB: PORE-2315 NRBIB: REDW- ANIMAL STUDIES habitats northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) Yosemite National Park, CA Lassen Volcanic National Park, CA Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, CA;  PLANT STUDIES ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES climatic variation tree ring chronology dendroclimatic Yosemite National Park, CA;  PLANT STUDIES Whitebark pine Gibbs krummholz treeline subalpine vegetation stem layering;  Sensor fusion;  none;  gen raster;  hierarchical data structures;  human resources;  

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 GIS;  hci;  dynamic maps;  map labeling;  human-computer interface;  label placement;  label selection;  label filtering;  label consistency;  computational car tography;  realtime;  preprocessing;  

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 GIS;  census;  geographic;  historic;  webmapping;  

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 GIS;  health;  review;  access;  

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 GIS;  time representation;  time;  temporal;  geographic;  

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 GIS;  ogc;  collaborative;  standards;  

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Abstract: We study the representation and manipulation of geospatial information in a database management system (DBMS). The geospatial data model that we use as a basis hinges on a complex object model, whose set and tuple constructs make it effieicent for defining not only collections of geographic objects but also relationships among these objects. In addition, it allows easy manipulation of nonbasic types, such as spatial data types. We investigate the mapping of our reference model onto major commercial DBMS models, namely, a relational model extened to abstract data types (ADT) and an object oriented model. Our analysis shows that strengths and limits of the two models types for handling highly structured data with spatial components.

 GIS;  Taxonomy of Spatial Operations;  

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 GIS;  GIS, Remote Sensing -- 70.2.6;  Applications: hydrosphere -- 71.8.8.4;  Geographic: United States -- 2 (203-215);  

Abstract: Abstract.\ \  Technical interoperability has provided geographic information communities with substantial improvements for constructing GIS capable of very low friction and dynamic data exchanges. These technical advances stand to provide substantial advantages for sharing geographic information, however reaping these advantages in highly heterogeneous operational and organizational environments requires the understanding and resolution of semantic differences. While the OpenGIS consortium has made important progress on technical interoperability, semantic interoperability still remains an unpassed hurdle for efforts to share geographic information across organizational and institutional boundaries at the local, regional, and other levels. Identifying and resolving semantic interoperability issues is especially pertinent for data sharing and considering future developments of standards. This paper presents an overview of semantic interoperability and through case studies shows the breadth and depth of issues and approaches in different countries and at different levels of organizations. These cases illustrate the importance of developing flexible approaches to practical data sharing problems that merge semantical with technical considerations. Based on our examinations of semantic issues and approaches in ongoing research projects, we propose cognitive, computer science, and socio-technical frameworks for examining semantic interoperability.

 GIS;  semantic;  interoperability;  ogc;  

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 GIS;  geo-computation;  cellular automata;  spatial models;  urban models;  

Abstract: Geographic information is acquired according to several different underlying models of geographic space. Any meaning inherent within a dataset is intrinsically connected to the model by which it was captured. A design is presented for an integrated geographic information system offering a number of distinct views onto geographic space, of varying degrees of abstraction, to support the needs of an expanded user base. An architecture for such a system is developed by an extension of the traditional three layer architecture used in database design. The movement of data from one level of abstraction to another is formalized by a series of dataset and model transformations operating between four different geographic data models. From this formalism, a functional taxonomy of GIS operations is developed.

 ;  transformational approach;  GIS;  

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 GIS;  mapping;  epidemiology;  temporal clusters;  

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 GIS;  

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 GIS;  trend surface analysis;  categorical soil data;  indicator;  approach;  model;  

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 GIS;  maps;  epidemiology;  age-adjustment;  

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 GIS;  spatial representation;  

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 GIS;  england;  

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 GIS;  

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 GIS;  error;  exploratory data analysis;  data quality;  

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 GIS;  remote sensing;  scale;  

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 GIS;  spatial analysis;  Great Britain;  

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 GIS;  spatial analysis;  spatial statistics;  

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 GIS;  epidemiology;  uncertainty;  truth;  

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 Map Algebra;  GIS;  Spatial Operators;  spatial languages;  

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 GIS;  Taxonomy of Spatial Operations;  gen gis;  

Abstract: One of the most significant issues that NASA must address and resolve is the problem of managing the enormous amounts of scientific and engineering data that will be generated by the next generation of remote sensing systems, such as the Hubble Space Telescope and the Earth Observation System. The amount of data these sensors are expected to produce will be orders of magnitude greater than NASA has ever experienced. Consequently new solutions must be developed for managing, accessing and automatically inputting the data into a database in some expressive fashion that will provide a meaningful understanding and effective utilization of this data in a multidisciplinary environment. Currently, scientific data provided by satellites and other sources (i.e., in situ measurements) are processed, cataloged, and archived accoring to narrow mission or project-specific requirements with little regard to the semantics of the overall research. Scientists therefore lack knowledge of or access to potentially valuable data outside their own field. What is needed is an innovative approach that will allow collected data to be automatically cataloged, characterized and managed in a domain-specific context and made available interactively and in near-real-time to the user community.

 GIS;  AI;  large databases;  

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 GIS;  AI;  

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 GIS;  

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 GIS;  AI;  

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 GIS;  AI;  

Abstract: The National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) has initiated an Intelligent Data Management research effort which has as one of its components, the development of an Intelligent User Interface (IUI). The intent of IUI efforts is to develop a friendly and intelligent user interface service that is based on expert systems and natural language processing technologies. The purpose of such a service is to support the large number of potential scientific and engineering users that currently have need of space and land related research and technical data but have little or no experience in query languages or understanding of the information content or architecture of the databases of interest. This technical memorandum presents the design concepts, development approach and evaluation of performance of a prototype IUI Subsystem using the Crustal Dynamics Project Database as a test bed for the implementation of CRUDDES (CRUstal Dynamics Expert System). The Crustal Dynamics Data Information System was developed and managed by the NSSDC. CRUDDES was developed using a microcomputer-based expert system tool that supports backward chaining. The IUI design is based on a multiple view representation of a database from both user and database prospectives with intelligent processes to translate between the views. Currently, the knowledge base has more than 200 rules and represents a single application view and the architectural view. Operational performance using CRUDDES has allowed non-database users to obtain useful information from the database that previously required an expert database user or database designer.

 GIS;  AI;  

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to provide a general context for understandin the various software components which are commonly used in Geographci Information Systems (GIS). This is done by describing geographically and with narrative the actual analytic and data processing functions which are commonly performed in GIS systems. These functions are generic in nature and relate to no one system. This paper initially presents a background of why these systems have evolved, the absic data types which are contained within them and a series of concepts associated with spatial information including: map automation and data base creation; analytic manipulation technqiues; data base manipulation techniques; and graphic manipulation techniques. Finally a summary outline of the actual application of this technology is provided

 GIS;  Software deisgn;  

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 GIS;  

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 GIS;  

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 GIS;  

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 GIS;  data structures;  algorithms;  

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 GIS;  Software Engineering;  GIS design;  

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 GIS;  

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 GIS;  

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 GIS;  

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 GIS;  

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 GIS;  

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 GIS;  digitizing;  r-v-r;  

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 GIS;  DEM's;  

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 GIS;  

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 GIS;  

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 GIS;