ontology

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 ontology;  collaboration;  AldoGangemi ckc2007;  

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 ontology;  document;  semantic;  citations;  

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Abstract: Ontologies and reasoning are the key terms brought into focus by the semantic web community. Formal representation of ontologies in a common data model on the web can be taken as a foundation for adaptive web technologies as well. This chapter describes how ontologies shared on the semantic web provide conceptualization for the links which are a main vehicle to access information on the web. The subject domain ontologies serve as constraints for generating only those links which are relevant for the domain a user is currently interested in. Furthermore, user model ontologies provide additional means for deciding which links to show, annotate, hide, generate, and reorder. The semantic web technologies provide means to formalize the domain ontologies and metadata created from them. The formalization enables reasoning for personalization decisions. This chapter describes which components are crucial to be formalized by the semantic web ontologies for adaptive web. We use examples from an eLearning domain to illustrate the principles which are broadly applicable to any information domain on the web.

 ontology;  semantic;  web;  semanticweb;  adaptive;  

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Abstract: In information systems that support knowledge-discovery applications such as scientific exploration, reliance on highly structured ontologies as data-organization aids can be limiting. With current computational aids to science work, the human knowledge that creates meaning out of analyses is often only recorded when work reaches publication-or worse, left unrecorded altogether-for lack of an ontological model for scientific concepts that can capture knowledge as it is created and used. We argue for an approach to representing scientific concepts that reflects (1) the situated processes of science work, (2) the social construction of knowledge, and (3) the emergence and evolution of understanding over time. In this model, knowledge is the result of collaboration, negotiation, and manipulation by teams of researchers. Capturing the situations in which knowledge is created and used helps these collaborators discover areas of agreement and discord, while allowing individual inquirers to maintain different perspectives on the same information. The capture of provenance information allows historical trails of reasoning to be reconstructed, allowing end users to evaluate the utility and trustworthiness of knowledge representations. We present a proof-of-concept system, called Codex, based on this situated knowledge model. Codex supports visualization of knowledge structures through concept mapping, and enables inference across those structures. The proof-of-concept is deployed in the domain of geoscience to support distributed teams of learners and researchers.

 ontology;  situated knowledge;  Codex;  

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Abstract: The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis was a pivotal time in the history of civilization. Many difficult decisions were made by a plethora of persons having different backgrounds, motives, beliefs, and intentions—while under extraordinarily intense pressure. In our paper, we discuss an approach designed for exploratory analysis of the decisions made using ontologies and based in visual analytics. With customized software to support our work, we will demonstrate how the Cuban Missile Crisis unfolded with a novel approach.

 ontology;  Cuban Missile Crisis;  Visual Analytics;  

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Abstract: BACKGROUND:Biomedical ontologies are being widely used to annotate biological data in a computer-accessible, consistent and well-defined manner. However, due to their size and complexity, annotating data with appropriate terms from an ontology is often challenging for experts and non-experts alike, because there exist few tools that allow one to quickly find relevant ontology terms to easily populate a web form. RESULTS:We have produced a tool, OntologyWidget, which allows users to rapidly search for and browse ontology terms. OntologyWidget can easily be embedded in other web-based applications. OntologyWidget is written using AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) and has two related elements. The first is a dynamic auto-complete ontology search feature. As a user enters characters into the search box, the appropriate ontology is queried remotely for terms that match the typed-in text, and the query results populate a drop-down list with all potential matches. Upon selection of a term from the list, the user can locate this term within a generic and dynamic ontology browser, which comprises the second element of the tool. The ontology browser shows the paths from a selected term to the root as well as parent/child tree hierarchies. We have implemented web services at the Stanford Microarray Database (SMD; http://smd.stanford.edu/), which provide the OntologyWidget with access to over 40 Open Biological Ontology (OBO) [http://obo.sourceforge.net/] ontologies that are updated weekly. Adopters of the OntologyWidget can either use SMDs web services, or elect to rely on their own. Deploying the OntologyWidget can be accomplished in three simple steps: (1) install Apache Tomcat [http://tomcat.apache.org/] on ones web server, (2) download and install the OntologyWidget servlet stub that provides access to the SMD ontology web services, and (3) create an html (HyperText Markup Language) file that refers to the OntologyWidget using a simple, well-defined format.CONCLUSIONS:We have developed OntologyWidget, an easy-to-use ontology search and display tool that can be used on any web page by creating a simple html description. OntologyWidget provides a rapid auto-complete search function paired with an interactive tree display. We have developed the web service layer that communicates between the web page interface and a database of ontology terms. We are currently storing and maintaining 40 of the ontologies on the http://obo.sourceforge.net/ site as well as a few others. These ontologies are automatically updated on a weekly basis. OntologyWidget can be used in any web-based application to take advantage of the ontologies we provide via web services or any other ontology that is provided elsewhere in the correct format. The full source code and description of the OntologyWidget is available from http://smd.stanford.edu/ontologyWidget/.

 ontology;  web20;  ajax;  

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Abstract: While tags in collaborative tagging systems serve primarily an indexing purpose, facilitating search and navigation of resources, the use of the same tags by more than one individual can yield a collective classification schema. We present an approach for making explicit the semantics behind the tag space in social tagging systems, so that this collaborative organization can emerge in the form of groups of concepts and partial ontologies. This is achieved by using a combination of shallow pre-processing strategies and statistical techniques together with knowledge provided by ontologies available on the semantic web. Preliminary results on the del.icio.us and Flickr tag sets show that the approach is very promising: it generates clusters with highly related tags corresponding to concepts in ontologies and meaningful relationships among subsets of these tags can be identified.

 ontology;  semantic;  database;  folksonomy;  semanticweb;  discovery;  

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Abstract: Ontologies are being developed in many geoscientific domains. They are typically populated with two types of concepts: upper-level concepts that apply across many or all domains, and domain concepts that apply only within a specific domain. Previous work has refined this distinction by identifying a particular type of domain concept, called a situated concept, which is dependent on specific processes (natural, social, scientific, or possibly machine) for its meaning and is instantiated amongst entities within a specific geographical and historical context. In this paper we present new support for situated geoscientific concepts, building on our previous research that argues for the importance of situations in the development and use of concepts related to geoscientific field mapping. The new results are obtained by using statistical techniques to further analyze three geologists' field data over time, to better test the hypothesis that the concepts developed by the geologists to classify objects on the map are in fact situated. The field data are compared to each other, and to the concepts developed by the team. Differences found between and within individuals' data for three map concepts provide strong support for the idea that the concepts are variably influenced by data, theory, and natural and human situations. From this increased corroboration of situated concepts we suggest two implications for domain ontologies: (1) a delineation between situated domain concepts and non-situated domain concepts; and (2) recognition that representation of reliable meaning involves the capture of historical and geographical context for situated concepts.

 ontology;   situated;  

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 ontology;  

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 ontology;  retrieval;  spatial data infrastructure;  

Abstract: Semantic Web browsers and other tools aimed at displaying RDF data to end users are all concerned with the same problem: presenting content primarily intended for machine consumption in a human-readable way. Their solutions differ but in the end address the same two high-level issues, no matter the underlying representation paradigm: specifying (i) what information contained in RDF models should be presented (content selection) and (ii) how this information should be presented (content formatting and styling). However, each tool currently relies on its own ad hoc mechanisms and vocabulary for specifying RDF presentation knowledge, making it difficult to share and reuse such knowledge across applications. Recognizing the general need for presenting RDF content to users and wanting to promote the exchange of presentation knowledge, we designed Fresnel as a browser-independent vocabulary of core RDF display concepts. In this paper we describe Fresnel’s main concepts and present several RDF browsers and visualization tools that have adopted the vocabulary so far.

 ontology;  rdf;  semanticweb;  

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Abstract: We present OntoWiki, a tool providing support for agile, distributed knowledge engineering scenarios. OntoWiki facilitates the visual presentation of a knowledge base as an information map, with different views on instance data. It enables intuitive authoring of semantic content, with an inline editing mode for editing RDF content, similar to WYSIWYG for text documents. It fosters social collaboration aspects by keeping track of changes, allowing to comment and discuss every single part of a knowledge base, enabling to rate and measure the popularity of content and honoring the activity of users. Ontowiki enhances the browsing and retrieval by offering semantic enhanced search strategies. All these techniques are applied with the ultimate goal of decreasing the entrance barrier for projects and domain experts to collaborate using semantic technologies. In the spirit of the Web 2.0 OntoWiki implements an ”architecture of participation” that allows users to add value to the application as they use it. It is available as open-source software and a demonstration platform can be accessed at http://3ba.se.

 ontology;  semantic;  collaboration;  semanticweb;  wiki;  social computing;  

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 ontology;  semantic Web;  semantic search;  social networks;  

Abstract: With the advent of information technology, library services are facing tremendous changes in the form of digitalization. In addition to the digitalization of library resources, personalized systems and recommendation systems are two of highly desirable services among library patrons. This study proposes a novel recommendation system based on analysis of loan records. In our system, we use the traditional cataloging scheme, such as the Library of Congress Classification (LCC), as the reference ontology and build personal ontology by mining interested subjects and relationships among subjects from patron’s borrowing records. The proposed scheme can meet diversified demands of individual patron and provide patrons with a user-friendly interface to help them access needed information. Keywords: personalized service, personal ontology, information filtering, recommendation system.

 ontology;  Personalized recommendation;  

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 ontology;  tagging;  folksonomy;  flickr;  

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Abstract: Based on a geometrical interpretation of knowledge space, this work defines relationships between data, concepts and models, and establishes a framework for their integration. Concepts encapsulate our knowledge and provide a basis for data acquisition. They change as we learn more. Every discipline operates with a specific set of concepts organized in models. In order to co-process data collected against different concepts, we need to map the underlying concepts. Modal Intentional Actual (MIA) structure, derived from knowledge representation theory, enables the separation of data from hypotheses, and provides a consistent approach for building data models, concept mapping and defining complex relationships, which are represented by morphisms in category theory. Essential data elements from enterprise modeling techniques provide specifications for storing concepts and morphisms in a database.

 ontology;  knowledge acquisition;  Knowledge Representation;  data models;  concept mapping;  data integration;  

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Abstract: This paper presents an automated approach to learning object models by means of useful object data extracted from data-intensive semistructured Web documents such as product descriptions. Modeling intensive data on the Web involves the following three phrases: first, we identify the object region covering the descriptions of object data when irrelevant contents from the Web documents are excluded. Second, we partition the contents of different object data appearing in the object region and construct object data using hierarchical XML outputs. Third, we induce the abstract object model from the analogous object data. This model would match the corresponding object data from a Web site more precisely and comprehensively than the existing handcrafted ontologies. The main contribution of this study is in developing a fully automated approach to extract object data and object model from semistructured Web documents using kernel-based matching and view syntax interpretation. Our system, OnModer, can automatically construct object data and induce object models from complicated Web documents, such as the technical descriptions of personal computers and digital cameras downloaded from manufacturers and vendors sites. A comparison with the available hand-crafted ontologies and tests on an open corpus demonstrate that our framework is effective in extracting meaningful and comprehensive models.

 ontology;  knowledge-discovery;  semantic;  web;  automated;  markup;  

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 ontology;  events;  

Abstract: Ontology is a significant research theme in GIScience. While some researchers believe that the progress in GIScience is being directed through an engagement with the concept of ontology, some dismiss it as irrelevant. This paper is aimed at (i) exploring the theoretical and practical roles of ontologies; (ii) making the definitions and terminology explicit; (iii) assessing the applicability of ontology to problems in the geographical domain; and (iv) assessing whether a unified approach to ontology exists in GIScience. The results will be helpful for GIScientists in (i) understanding the validity of employing ontology within their own work, (ii) assessing what operational framework of terms and methods to use for developing their own ontology, and (iii) to assess what existing ontological models are available and applicable within their domain or application. A comprehensive and critical review will also help in identifying the signficant issues and directing future research agenda in GIScience.

 ontology;  Ontologies;  events;  geog 597 I;  

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 ontology;  Geography;  

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 ontology;  

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 ontology;  Knowledge Representation;  events;  qualitative reasoning;  

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 ontology;  Knowledge Representation;  semantic data models;  semantic search;  

Abstract: To help human users and software agents find relevant knowledge on the Semantic Web, the Swoogle search engine discovers, indexes, and analyzes the ontologies and facts that are encoded in Semantic Web documents.

 ontology;  search;  semantic;  information-retrieval;  data-mining;  semanticweb;  

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Abstract: We propose a modular ontology of the dynamic features of reality. This amounts, on the one hand, to a purely spatial ontology supporting snapshot views of the world at successive instants of time and, on the other hand, to a purely spatiotemporal ontology of change and process. We argue that dynamic spatial ontology must combine these two distinct types of inventory of the entities and relationships in reality, and we provide characterizations of spatiotemporal reasoning in the light of the interconnections between them.

 ontology;  endurants;  time representation;  events;  Basic Formal Ontology;  continunant;  Dynamic Ontology;  

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Abstract: We propose a modular ontology of the dynamic features of reality. This amounts, on the one hand, to a purely spatial ontology supporting snapshot views of the world at successive instants of time and, on the other hand, to a purely spatiotemporal ontology of change and process. We argue that dynamic spatial ontology must combine these two distinct types of inventory of the entities and relationships in reality, and we provide characterizations of spatiotemporal reasoning in the light of the interconnections between them.

 ontology;  endurants;  time representation;  events;  Basic Formal Ontology;  continunant;  Dynamic Ontology;  

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 ontology;  time representation;  events;  

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 ontology;  knowledge discovery;  Knowledge Representation;  semantic data models;  semantic information spaces;  

Abstract: This deliverable presents a restricted variant of the OWL Lite species of the OWL ontology language, called OWL Lite¡. OWL Lite¡ is a strict subset of OWL Lite and there exists a direct translation into the deductive database language Datalog. Thus, any OWL Lite¡ ontology can be translated into Datalog in order to allow for e±cient query answering. It turns out that most current ontologies fall inside this fragment. An ontology language for which a translation to Datalog exists has several advantages. Most notably, it can bene¯t from highly optimized query answering engines and allows for easy implementation of a rule and a query language on top of the ontology. We describe the restriction on the OWL Lite abstract syntax and pro- vide an analysis of the features of OWL Lite, which are not included in OWL Lite¡ and give a rationale for not including them in the language. We present the RDF syntax and the model-theoretic semantics for OWL Lite¡ and relate OWL Lite¡ with RDFS. Finally, we indicate possible future extensions of the language.

 ontology;  limitations of ontology;  

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Abstract: We propose a personal knowledge publishing system called Semblog is realized with integration of Semantic Web techniques and Weblog tools. Semblog suite provides an integrated environment for gathering, authoring, publishing, and making human relationship seamlessly to enable people to exchange information and knowledge with easy and casual fashion. We use a lightweight metadata format like RSS to activate the information flow and its activities. We define three level of interest of information gathering and publishing i.e., “check”, “clip” and “post” and provide suitable ways to distribute information depending on the interest level. Our system called Semblog platform consists of two types of extended content aggregator and information retrieval / recommendation applications. We also design a new metadata module to define personal ontology that realizes semantic relations among people and Weblog sites.

 ontology;  semantic Web;  Semblog;  

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Abstract: As ontology development becomes a collaborative process, developers face the problem of maintaining versions of ontologies akin to maintaining versions of software code or versions of documents in large projects. Traditional versioning systems enable users to compare versions, examine changes, and accept or reject changes. However, while versioning systems usually treat software code and text documents as text files, a versioning system for ontologies must compare and present structural changes rather than changes in text representation of ontologies. In this paper, we present the PromptDiff ontology-versioning environment, which address these challenges. PromptDiff includes an efficient version-comparison algorithm that produces a structural diff between ontologies. The results are presented to the users through an intuitive user interface for analyzing the changes that enables users to view concepts and groups of concepts that were added, deleted, and moved, distinguished by their appearance and with direct access to additional information characterizing the change. The users can then act on the changes, accepting or rejecting them. We present results of a pilot user study that demonstrate the effectiveness of the tool for change management. We discuss design principles for an end-to-end ontology-versioning environment and position ontology versioning as a component in a general ontology-management framework.

 ontology;  Versioning;  Evolution;  

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Abstract: This paper describes a method for converting existing thesauri and related resources from their native format to RDF(S) and OWL. The method identifies four steps in the conversion process. In each step, decisions have to be taken with respect to the syntax or semantics of the resulting representation. Each step is supported through a number of guidelines. The method is illustrated through conversions of two large thesauri: MeSH and WordNet.

 ontology;  

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 ontology;  time representation;  

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 ontology;  agents;  

Abstract: Ontologics are shared models of a domain that encode a view which is common to a set of different parties. Contexts are local models that encode a party's subjective view of a domain. In this paper we show how ontologics can be contcxtualizcd, thus acquiring certain useful properties that a pure shared approach cannot provide. We say that an ontology is contcxtualizcd or, also, that it is a contextual ontology, when its contents are kept local, and therefore not shared with other

 ontology;  contextual knowledge representation;  knowledge context;  

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Abstract: The OWL Web Ontology Language is a new formal language for representing ontologies in the Semantic Web. OWL has features from several families of representation languages, including primarily Description Logics and frames. OWL also shares many characteristics with RDF, the W3C base of the Semantic Web. In this paper we discuss how the philosophy and features of OWL can be traced back to these older formalisms, with modications driven by several other constraints on OWL. Several interesting problems have arisen where these in uences on OWL have clashed.

 ontology;  

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Abstract: The OWL Web Ontology Language is a new formal language for representing ontologies in the Semantic Web. OWL has features from several families of representation languages, including primarily Description Logics and frames. OWL also shares many characteristics with RDF, the W3C base of the Semantic Web. In this paper we discuss how the philosophy and features of OWL can be traced back to these older formalisms, with modications driven by several other constraints on OWL. Several interesting problems have arisen where these in uences on OWL have clashed.

 ontology;  

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 ontology;  

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 ontology;  database;  annotation;  semanticweb;  

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Abstract: The Semantic Network, a component of the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), describes core biomedical knowledge consisting of semantic types and relationships. It is a well established, semi-formal ontology in widespread use for over a decade. We expected to publish this ontology on the Semantic Web, using OWL, with relatively little effort. However, we ran into a number of problems concerning alternative interpretations of the SN notation and the inability to express some of the interpretations in OWL. We detail these problems, as a cautionary tale to others planning to publish pre-existing ontologies on the Semantic Web, as a list of issues to consider when describing formally concepts in any ontology, and as a collection of criteria for evaluating alternative representations, which could form part of a methodology of ontology development.

 ontology;  semantic networks;  OWL;  

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 ontology;  

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 ontology;  

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 ontology;  classification;  data models;  geologic map information;  

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 ontology;  

Abstract: The efficient query and extraction of web data is often difficult, because web data does not conform to any data organization standard. In addition, the development of web search technology is still at a relatively early stage. Search engines provide only primitive data query capabilities, and require a detailed syntactic specification to retrieve relevant data. Furthermore, web data exists in a myriad of formats including PDF documents, images, and sound clips that are difficult to be queried. This research proposes a smart web query (SWQ) method for the semantic retrieval of web data. The SWQ method uses domain semantics represented as context ontologies to specify and formulate appropriate web queries to search. This method also relies on semantic search filters to identify and rank relevant web pages semi-automatically. Unlike traditional ontologies that are structured in a hierarchy, terms and their relationships that pertain to a particular domain are organized with a flexible structure by the context ontologies. An SWQ engine is being developed to test the proposed method. Financial trading (e.g. stocks, bonds, unit trusts) is adapted as an example domain (i.e., context) to test and validate the SWQ method and engine.

 ontology;  search;  query;  semantic;  information-retrieval;  data-mining;  semanticweb;  

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 ontology;  

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 ontology;  

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 ontology;  

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 ontology;  representation;  data models;  

Abstract: A common problem of ontologies is that their taxonomic structure is often poor and confusing. This is typically exemplified by the unrestrained use of subsumption to accomplish a variety of tasks. In this paper we show how a formal ontology of unary properties can help using the subsumption relation in a disciplined way. This formal ontology is based on some meta-properties built around the fundamental philosophical notions of identity, unity, essence, and dependence. These meta-properties impose some constraints on the subsumption relation that clarify many misconceptions about taxonomies, facilitating their understanding, comparison and integration.

 ontology;