MacEachren, Alan M.

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Abstract: Understanding the spatial and temporal characteristics of individual and group behavior in social networks is a critical component of visual tools for intelligence analysis, emergency management, consumer analysis, and human geography. Identification and analysis of patterns of recurring events is an essential feature of such tools. In this paper, we describe an interactive visual tool for exploring the visitation patterns of guests at two hotels in central Pennsylvania from 1894 to 1900. The centerpiece of the tool is a wrapping spreadsheet technique, called reruns, that reveals regular and irregular periodic patterns of events in multiple overlapping artificial and natural calendars. Implemented as a coordinated multiple view visualization in Improvise, the tool is in ongoing development through an iterative process of data collection, transcription, hypothesis, design, discovery, analysis, and evaluation in close collaboration with historical geographers. Numerous discoveries have driven additional data collection from archival newspaper and census sources, as well as plans to enhance analysis of spatial patterns using historic weather records and railroad schedules. Distributed online evaluations of usability and usefulness have resulted in feature and design recommendations that are being incorporated into the tool.

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Abstract: Geovisualization is both a process for leveraging the data resources to meet scientific and societal needs and a research field that develops visual methods and tools to support a wide array of geospatial data applications. While researchers have made substantial advances in geovisualization over the past decade, many challenges remain. To support real-world knowledge construction and decision making, some of the most important challenges involve distributed geovisualization - that is, enabling geovisualization across software components, devices, people, and places.

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Abstract: Most work with geospatial data, whether for scientific analysis, urban and environmental planning, or business decision making is carried out by groups. In contrast, geographic information technologies have been built and assessed only for use by individuals. In this paper we argue that, to support collaboration with geospatial information, specific attention must be given to tools that mediate understanding and support negotiation among participants. In addition, we contend that visual representations have a particularly important role to play as mediators of geocollaborative activities. With these contentions as a starting point, we present a framework for study of visually-enabled collaboration with geospatial information and for development, implementation, and assessment of geoinformation technologies that support that collaboration. The paper concludes with a brief description of two prototype geocollaborative environments that illustrate the use of the framework developed and provide the basis for discussing goals for futher research.

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Abstract: Virtuelle Geo-Welten - im folgenden auch als GeoVirtual Environments (GeoVEs) bezeichnet - werden seit kurzer Zeit in den Geowissenschaften eingesetzt, um Verfahren aus dem Bereich Geographic Visualization (GVis, MacEachren 1994) zu unterstützen. Um GeoVEs für explorative und präsentative Visualisierungszwecke Wissenschaftlern, Politikern, Planern und Bürgern nutzbar zu machen, müssen die sogenannten primären Funktionen bereitgestellt werden. Primäre Funktionen, das sind Navigations- und Orientierungsfunktionen, werden mit speziellen Interface-Metaphern für die Wegesuche in virtuellen Geo-Räumen realisiert. Idealerweise ermöglichen sie die freie Bewegung durch diese Umgebungen mit geringen kognitiven Anstrengungen. Zum bisherigen Zeitpunkt sind im Bereich der Desktop-, Semi-Immersiven- und Voll-Immersiven-GeoVEs Interface-Methoden für die primären Funktionen aus anderen Anwendungsbereichen - ohne Modifikationen - übernommen worden. Als Ergebnis dieser fachfremden Übernahme können in der Regel in GeoVE-Applikationen beim Anwender Schwierigkeiten bei der Navigation und Orientierung beobachtet werden, die schnell im Zustand des Lost in Virtual Geo-Space enden. Unsere Anwender-bezogenen Arbeiten haben zum Ziel, bei der Erstellung von Benutzerschnittstellen die Ergebnisse und Entwicklungen der Kognitionsforschung umzusetzen und somit GeoVEs nutzbar zu machen. Dabei sollen Metaphern zur Navigation und Orientierung in GeoVEs erarbeitet werden, die diese Funktionen unterstützen.

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Abstract: The Geographic Visualization Science, Technology, and Applications (GeoVISTA) Center at Penn State University was established in fall, 1998. The Center mission is to conduct fundamental and applied research on the representation and analysis of georeferenced information, develop geographic visualization (geovisualization technologies, and apply both in science, industry, decision-making, and education. GeoVISTA builds on a long tradition of geovisualization research in the Department of Geography and a strategic planning initiative that added four new staff (two tenure-track faculty and two research scientists). The GeoVISTA team now includes faculty from the School of Information Science and Technology, the Department of Landscape Architecture, and the Center for Academic Computing as well as from Geography. We direct particular attention to research and applications that link geovisualization with other components of geographic information science (e.g., geocomputation, semantics for geospatial knowledge representation, and database representation), thus to the integration of many perspectives on geospatial information and its analysis. Here, we can highlight only a sampling of our current geovisualization projects. We focus on three multi-investigator efforts. A more complete picture of our research activities (including many recent publications) can be obtained from the Center web site at: www.geovista.psu.edu.

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Abstract: Technology for collection, transmission, and display of georeferenced data, at scales from architectural to global, has advanced rapidly in the past decade -- resulting in an orders of magnitude increase in availability of georeferenced data. While computational methods allow us to extract information from these masses of data, domain expertise coupled with the power of human vision provides the necessary complement to these computational methods allowing us to extract meaning from the information. Recent and anticipated developments in geographic visualization (GVis) provide the mechanism for linking human experts to computational tools, facilitating the critical step from information extraction to knowledge construction. It is these developments and their potential that I focus on here. GVis synthesizes perspectives on visual representation and analysis, thus far primarily from visualization in scientific computing (ViSC), cartography, and exploratory data analysis (EDA). For GVis to be an effective method in knowledge construction, a closer coupling is needed between the visual methods at the core of GVis and the analytical methods of geocomputation. Beyond this integration, for geo-knowledge construction environments to reach their potential, a more complete understanding must be achieved concerning how people (particularly domain specialists) conceptualize problems and interact with computer systems. Within the International Cartographic association, a four component research agenda for GVis is under development (focusing on issues in representation, interface design, GVis integration with database, geocomputation, and related GIScience research, and cognitive aspects of visualization method development and use). Elements within each component of this research agenda have direct implications for design of knowledge construction environments that involve integration of visualization with computational methods. Here, I will begin with an overview of the ICA research agenda, then focus specifically on selected issues that underlie design of knowledge construction environments linking analytical with visual methods. Particular attention will be directed to four topics: design of exploratory spatiotemporal data analysis methods (particularly the adaptation of EDA to space-time data), integration of GVis with knowledge discovery in database methods, facilitating collaboration in knowledge construction, and the cognitive issues that must be addressed if we are to achieve the next generation of geo-knowledge construction environments that create a more effective conjunction of human and machine capabilities.

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